Seed Treatment
Sow seeds directly or indoors 6–8 weeks before the last frost. Gently press into the soil surface—do not cover—as light aids germination.
Soaking:
Soak seeds in lukewarm water for 4–6 hours before sowing.
Germination Time
• Ideal: 7–14 days
• Sub-optimal: Up to 28 days
Optimum Temperature
Germination: 65–70°F (18–21°C)
Growth: Prefers cool to warm temperatures; tolerates mild heat once established.
Light Requirements
Full sun (6+ hours daily) for best bloom and compact growth. Can tolerate partial shade but may become leggy.
Planting Depth & Spacing
Do not cover seeds; just press into soil surface. Space seedlings 6–12 inches (15–30 cm) apart for airflow and full flowering.
Transplanting
Harden off indoor-grown seedlings gradually. Transplant outdoors after the danger of frost has passed.
Soil Requirements
Well-draining, moderately rich soil. Avoid waterlogged areas. Tolerant of slightly dry conditions once established.
Watering
Keep soil consistently moist during germination. Water moderately once plants are established, allowing the topsoil to dry between waterings.
Post-Germination Care
Thin crowded seedlings to promote airflow. Deadhead spent blooms to extend the flowering season. Fertilize lightly every 4–6 weeks.
Bloom Time
Late spring through summer. Longer blooming in cooler climates or with regular deadheading.
Indoor Sowing Tip
If started indoors in bags or trays: once seedlings emerge, remove from the covered container or bag and expose to light immediately to prevent damping off.