For optimal germination rates, initiate seed propagation indoors under controlled conditions—unless the species exhibits a high sensitivity to root disturbance. This approach allows precise regulation of temperature, humidity, and light, improving germination consistency and seedling viability. Do not skip any recommended seed treatments, as they are essential for uniform and successful germination.
Keep soil evenly moist during germination. DO NOT LET IT DRY OUT—once seeds begin absorbing water (imbibition), drying can kill the seed embryo, and even brief dryness after sprouting can kill seedlings.
Seed Treatment
Soak in warm water for 24 hours before sowing.
When to Sow Indoors
Start indoors 8–10 weeks (56–70 days) before your average last frost date.
Optimum Germination Temperature: Use a heat mat to maintain steady temperatures of 80–90°F (27–32°C).
Germination Time: Up to 21 days.
Light Requirements for Germination
Light not required for germination.
Use grow lights to maintain 12–16 hours of light per day after seedlings emerge.
How to Sow Indoors
- Sow seeds ¼ in (6 mm) deep in a moist, well-draining seed-starting mix.
- Humidity: Use a humidity dome or clear cover to maintain consistent moisture during germination. Open the dome briefly once per day to allow fresh air in and reduce mold risk. Remove the dome entirely once seedlings emerge.
Post-Germination Care
- Transplant seedlings into individual pots when they have 2–3 true leaves.
- Harden off before planting outdoors after danger of frost has passed and nighttime temperatures are consistently above 55°F (13°C).
- Final spacing: 18–24 in (45–60 cm) apart in rows 24–36 in (60–90 cm) apart.
- Type: Warm-season annual (grown as tender perennial in frost-free zones).
- Mature height: 2–4 ft (60–120 cm).
Growing Tips
- Requires full sun and rich, well-draining soil (pH 5.5–7.0).
- Mulch to conserve soil moisture and suppress weeds.
- Stake or cage plants to support heavy fruit.
- Keep evenly watered—avoid water stress for best yields.
- Harvest when fruits are glossy and firm; overripe fruits become seedy and bitter.