Seed Treatment:
• Cold stratification is recommended: Place seeds in moist sand or vermiculite, seal in a plastic bag, and refrigerate at 35–40°F (1–4°C) for 2–4 weeks.
• Alternatively, sow outdoors in fall for natural stratification.
• Seeds are tiny and need light to germinate—do not cover deeply.
When to Sow:
• Indoors: Start seeds 6–8 weeks before the last frost after stratification.
• Outdoors: Direct sow in fall or early spring.
Sowing Instructions:
• Surface sow seeds—press them gently onto the soil surface but do not cover, as they require light to germinate.
• Use a fine, moist seed-starting mix and mist to keep moist.
• Ideal temperature for germination: 60–70°F (16–21°C).
• Germination typically occurs in 14–21 days.
Light Requirements:
• Prefers full sun for best growth and flowering.
Soil Requirements:
• Tolerates a wide range of soils but prefers well-draining, moderately fertile soil.
• pH range: 6.0–7.5.
• Tolerates dry or sandy soil once established.
Watering:
• Keep soil consistently moist during germination and early seedling stages.
• Mature plants are drought-tolerant and only need occasional watering.
Spacing:
• Thin or transplant seedlings to 12–18 inches (30–45 cm) apart.
Growing Tips:
• Produces tall spikes in summer.
• Attracts bees and pollinators.
• Great for cottage gardens, wildflower meadows, and borders.
• Biennial or short-lived perennial in USDA Zones 4–9.