Seed Treatment:
• Light Required: Do not cover seeds with soil—light aids germination.
• Pre-sowing tip: Gently press seeds into moist, well-draining seed-starting mix.
• Cold Stratify: 2–4 weeks. If seedlings sprout during stratification, remove and plant immediately.
Best Time to Sow:
• Outdoors: Late spring to early summer (after last frost)
• Indoors: 6–8 weeks before final frost date
Optimum Germination Temperature:
• Day: 21–24°C (70–75°F)
Germination Time:
• Up to 42 days
Sowing Instructions:
• Surface sow in trays or directly in prepared soil
• Keep consistently moist but not soggy
• Use grow lights to maintain 12–16 hours of light per day.
? Humidity: Use a humidity dome or clear cover to maintain consistent moisture during germination. Open the dome briefly once per day to allow fresh air in and reduce mold risk. Remove the dome entirely once seedlings emerge.
Post-Germination Care:
• Thin seedlings when they have 2–3 true leaves
• Transplant outdoors after hardening off and when soil warms
• Space 30–45 cm (12–18 in) apart in full sun
Growing Tips:
• Biennial or short-lived perennial with tall, airy flower spikes
• Thrives in poor, well-drained soil and full sun
• Tolerates drought once established
• Deadhead spent flowers to extend blooming or allow to self-seed
• Attracts pollinators like bees and butterflies
• Can naturalize in wildflower gardens or low-maintenance areas
Mature Height:
• 60–120 cm (2–4 feet) tall