Seed Treatment:
• Light Required: Do not cover seeds with soil—light aids germination.
• Pre-sowing tip: Gently press seeds into moist, well-draining seed-starting mix.
• Cold Stratify: 2–4 weeks. If seedlings sprout during stratification, remove and plant immediately.
Best Time to Sow:
• Outdoors: Late spring to early summer (after last frost)
• Indoors: 6–8 weeks before final frost date
Optimum Germination Temperature:
• Day: 21–24°C (70–75°F)
Germination Time:
• Up to 42 days
Sowing Instructions:
• Surface sow in trays or directly in prepared soil
• Keep consistently moist but not soggy
• Provide bright light or a grow light setup if sowing indoors
Post-Germination Care:
• Thin seedlings when they have 2–3 true leaves
• Transplant outdoors after hardening off and when soil warms
• Space 30–45 cm (12–18 in) apart in full sun
Growing Tips:
• Biennial or short-lived perennial with tall, airy flower spikes
• Thrives in poor, well-drained soil and full sun
• Tolerates drought once established
• Deadhead spent flowers to extend blooming or allow to self-seed
• Attracts pollinators like bees and butterflies
• Can naturalize in wildflower gardens or low-maintenance areas
Mature Height:
• 60–120 cm (2–4 feet) tall